There are no black holes, are they?

Black holes (black hole binaries, black hole collisions, and black hole mergers) or shrinking quasars?
http://www.world-science.net/othernews/060811_quasar.htm

What people think is black is just darkness invisible to our eyes like gamma rays too powerful to be detected by us.
There's a confusion between dark body and black hole:

http://www.scribd.com/doc/8527703/International-Fraud-About-the-Black-Hole

Probably they are plasma cosmic guns:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkq3oUXUrfQ

Inquisition (Mr. Avishay Gal-Yamis the Inquisitor mathematician & Head of Experimental Astrophysics Group Weizmann Institute of Science ) regarding black holes:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4GFAjX62Yg
A black hole has an escape velocity speed of light in vacuo yet not even light can escape from the black hole so the BH has no escape velocity.

http://www.sjcrothers.plasmaresources.com/Gillessen.html

http://www.sjcrothers.plasmaresources.com/BHLetters.html

You got the e-mail from Stephen Crothers Ph. D if you have doubts.

Difference between dark matter and dark energy

No wonder the confusion between dark matter & dark energy!

The short answer is that we don't know if dark matter and dark energy are manifestations of the same dark "thing". Our ignorance splits them. Dark matter is hypothetical matter that does not interact with electromagnetic forces, but whose presence is imputed from gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark matter is considered to be made from exotic particles like WIMPS (WEAKLY INTERACTING MASSIVE PARTICLES) or MACHOS or it could be made from other undiscovered exotic particles. Dark matter might account for the extra gravity that allows stars to have higher velocities than normal in spiral galaxies and that allows galaxies to orbit one another at speeds far higher than Newton's laws allow (Modified Newtonian Dynamics, MOND, a theory by Mordechai Milgrom,changes Newton's force law and accounts for experimental data very closely indeed but no-one knows why MOND works!).

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and is supposed to influence the rate of expansion of the universe. It accounts for ¾ of all mass-energy of the universe. This sounds a bit tricky to me. Isn’t rate of expansion the same thing as saying the speed of galaxies because one thing serves to explain other in the theories?

Dark energy is considered to exist everywhere in the universe and to be more energy like than mass like - hence the name dark energy .

Many theorists believe dark energy is a scalar field called quintessence (there is also a version called spintessence).Dark energy has a constant energy density throughout the universe and the total amount of dark energy increases as space expands (some people think the extra dark energy is made from gravitational potential energy). Dark energy appears as the cosmological constant in Friedmanns's equations and has negative pressure - it is gravitationally repulsive and it is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate .Observations of the brightness of the same supernovae at different times have “confirmed” that the expansion is accelerating-the supernovae are dimmer than expected after a fixed time has elapsed, so they are further away than can be explained by a uniform velocity. Dark energy may be dark matter in some theories. Most of the mass of the universe is considered to be in the form of dark energy - at least 70 per cent.

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/010104a.html

http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=634

Not enough ignorance, now patches of matter outside the visible universe are being called “dark flow”!

http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080923-dark-flows.html